These seabirds are native to south Argentina, south Chile, and the Falkland Islands. Magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus), known as the Patagonian ambassador, are widely distributed along the southeast coast of South America ( 12, 13). Genetic lineages of Enterococcus faecalis ( 6, 7) and Enterococcus faecium ( 8, 9) have adapted to the built environment of the modern hospital, giving rise to strains with heavily affected genomes stemming in part from loss of CRISPR defense ( 10) and ready acquisition and exchange of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes on mobile elements ( 1, 11). Enterococci are commensal bacteria of gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of mainly land animals ( 1) and are ubiquitous contaminants of the ecologies they inhabit ( 2, 3) and runoff from those ecologies ( 4, 5). Transmission of these host-associated microbes in an arid land environment appears to have selected for the ruggedness and durability that is the hallmark of the genus ( 1). We recently reported comparative genome and other data consistent with the proposition that the genus Enterococcus emerged and began to diversify when animals first terrestrialized, about 450 million years ago ( 1). These results indicate that currently, the penguin habitat remains relatively free of pollutants that select for adaptation to human-derived stressors. Instead, they appear to be influenced by a carnivorous lifestyle and enterococci present in the coastal sea life consumed. Diverse enterococcal lineages found discount the existence of a single well-adapted intrinsic penguin-specific species. It was of interest to examine enterococci from these animals for the presence of antibiotic resistance and other markers reflective of anthropogenic selection. Magellanic penguins live at the periphery of human habitation. Despite their occurrence in the guts of animals for hundreds of millions of years, we know little about the properties that confer this range or how anthropogenic activities may be introducing new selective forces. IMPORTANCE Enterococci are host-associated microbes that have an unusually broad range, from the built hospital environment to the guts of insects and other animals in remote locations. These findings establish an important baseline for detecting the encroachment of human activity into remote planetary environments. Enterococci isolated from penguins showed limited anthropogenic impact, indicating that they are likely representative of those naturally circulating in the ecosystem inhabited by the penguins. Interestingly, plasmids were identified in penguin isolates that also had been reported for other marine mammals. Most possessed intact CRISPR defenses, few mobile elements, and antibiotic resistances limited to those intrinsic to the species and lacked pathogenic features conveyed by mobile elements. faecalis strains were closely related to dominant clinical lineages. faecalis isolated from diverse origins over the past 100 years. faecalis sequence types (ST116 and ST242) recovered from Magellanic penguins, as well as to an existing phylogeny of E. Its genome was compared to those of other E. One Enterococcus faecalis lineage, sequence type 475 (ST475), was isolated from three different penguins, making it of special interest. Four enterococcal species, 18 lineage groups, and different colonization patterns were identified. To assess their reach into remote habitats, we investigated the identity, genetic relatedness, and presence of specific traits among 172 enterococcal isolates from wild Magellanic penguins. Pharmaceutical pollution and runoff from other human activities are encroaching widely into natural habitats. While most studies are driven by clinical interest, comparatively little is known about enterococci in the wild or the effect of human activity on them. They are also leading causes of multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired infections. Occasionally muxing crash is addressed.Enterococci are commensals that proliferated as animals crawled ashore hundreds of millions of years ago.DivX 6 Output directly (no more divx in MP4 container).Minor GUI Bugs are Addressed Version 0.97b8.Improved Stability in OS X 10.4 for Intel CPU.iphone profile: b-frame disable for sync compatibility (still need to use "Create ipod & iphone version in itune "Advanced" menu) Version 0.97b9.mp4 can be imported to iphone & ipod touch directly Version 0.98b1.Addressed DivX Encoding Broken Version 0.98b2.You can return to the main page for this software by clicking here. This is the version history page for PEnGUIn Encoder MP4, showing the last 20 software updates.
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